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Dr Sarah Norman
Postdoctoral Research Fellow
Clarendon Laboratory Room 247
Phone (office): +44 (0) 1865 282096
Phone (lab): +44 (0) 1865 282649
Email:
sarah.norman@physics.ox.ac.uk
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Research interests
Terahertz spectroscopy, terahertz imaging and microscopy
Publications
- Carrier-envelope phase control in terahertz pulse generation using inas ribbon metasurfaces,
S Norman, H Jung, J Seddon, S Prescott, CT Harris, S Addamane, I Brener, O Mitrofanov
ACS Photonics, 12:4534-4539 (2025)
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pdf | doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.5c00941 ]
Generation of broadband terahertz (THz) pulses with variable polarization and carrier-envelope phase can enable the tailoring of THz beam wavefronts for advanced applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy and for strong THz field optics. While metasurfaces composed of deeply subwavelength THz emitters have recently been demonstrated to define the polarization and spatial profile of the generated THz fields, precise phase control or synthesis of THz pulse waveforms remains a challenging problem. Here, we propose and demonstrate metasurfaces composed of indium arsenide (InAs) nanoscale ribbon arrays capable of generating THz pulses with variable carrier-envelope phase. We show that different THz generation mechanisms, each contributing distinct phases, can be activated in the ribbons, enabling carrier-envelope phase control spanning a range of pi over a wide band of frequencies (similar to 1-3 THz). This is achieved solely through the ribbon array geometry using linearly polarized optical excitation of the ribbons. The arrays enable precise control of the THz phase and amplitude, opening the door to advanced structured THz wavefront synthesis using ultrathin dielectric metasurfaces. - Resonance-amplified terahertz near-field spectroscopy of a single nanowire,
S Norman, G Chu, K Peng, J Seddon, LL Hale, HH Tan, C Jagadish, R Mouthaan, J Alexander-webber, HJ Joyce, MB Johnston, O Mitrofanov, T Siday
Nano Lett., 24:15716--15723 (2024)
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pdf | doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04395 ]
Nanoscale material systems are central to next-generation optoelectronic and quantum technologies, yet their development remains hindered by limited characterization tools, particularly at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Far-field THz spectroscopy techniques lack the sensitivity for investigating individual nanoscale systems, whereas in near-field THz nanoscopy, surface states, disorder, and sample-tip interactions often mask the response of the entire nanoscale system. Here, we present a THz resonance-amplified near-field spectroscopy technique that can detect subtle conductivity changes in isolated nanoscale systems-such as a single InAs nanowire-under ultrafast photoexcitation. By exploiting the spatial localization and resonant field enhancement in the gap of a bowtie antenna, our approach enables precise measurements of the nanostructures through shifts in the antenna resonant frequency, offering a direct means of extracting the system response, and unlocking investigations of ultrafast charge-carrier dynamics in isolated nanoscale and microscale systems. - Non-contact imaging of terahertz surface currents with aperture-type near-field microscopy,
S Norman, J Seddon, YZ Lu, L Hale, B Zaman, SJ Addamane, I Brener, R Degl'innocenti, O Mitrofanov
Opt. Express, 32:24200-24208 (2024)
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pdf | doi:10.1364/OE.531690 ]
Terahertz (THz) near-field imaging and spectroscopy provide valuable insights into the fundamental physical processes occurring in THz resonators and metasurfaces on the subwavelength scale. However, so far, the mapping of THz surface currents has remained outside the scope of THz near-field techniques. In this study, we demonstrate that aperture-type scanning near-field microscopy enables non-contact imaging of THz surface currents in subwavelength resonators. Through extensive near-field mapping of an asymmetric D-split-ring THz resonator and full electromagnetic simulations of the resonator and the probe, we demonstrate the correlation between the measured near-field images and the THz surface currents. The observed current dynamics in the interval of several picoseconds reveal the interplay between several excited modes, including dark modes, whereas broadband THz near-field spectroscopy analysis enables the characterization of electromagnetic resonances defined by the resonator geometry. - Continuous wave terahertz detection using 1550 nm pumped nonlinear photoconductive gaas metasurfaces,
J Seddon, L Hale, H Jung, S Norman, I Brener, A Seeds, C Renaud, O Mitrofanov
Opt. Express, 32:9809-9819 (2024)
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pdf | doi:10.1364/OE.517422 ]
Terahertz (THz) continuous wave (CW) spectroscopy systems can offer extremely high spectral resolution over the THz band by photo-mixing high -performance telecommunicationsband (1530-1565 nm) lasers. However, typical THz CW detectors in these systems use narrow band-gap photoconductors, which require elaborate material growth and generate relatively large detector noise. Here we demonstrate that two-step photon absorption in a nano-structured low-temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) metasurface which enables switching of photoconductivity within approximately one picosecond. We show that LT-GaAs can be used as an ultrafast photoconductor in CW THz detectors despite having a bandgap twice as large as the telecommunications laser photon energy. The metasurface design harnesses Mie modes in LT GaAs resonators, whereas metallic electrodes of THz detectors can be designed to support an additional photonic mode, which further increases photoconductivity at a desired wavelength.
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